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Comparison of NAT Instances and NAT Gateways

The following is a high-level summary of the differences between NAT instances and NAT gateways.

Attribute
NAT gateway
NAT instance
Availability
Highly available. NAT gateways in each Availability Zone are implemented with redundancy. Create a NAT gateway in each Availability Zone to ensure zone-independent architecture.
Use a script to manage failover between instances.
Bandwidth
Supports bursts of up to 10Gbps.
Depends on the bandwidth of the instance type.
Maintenance
Managed by AWS.You do not need to perform any maintenance.
Managed by you, for example, by installing software updates or operating system patches on the instance.
Performance
Software is optimized for handling NAT traffic.
A generic Amazon Linux AMI that's configured to perform NAT.
Cost
Charged depending on the number of NAT gateways you use, duration of usage, and amount of data that you send through the NAT gateways.
Charged depending on the number of NAT instances that you use, duration of usage, and instance type and size.
Type and size
Uniform offering; you don’t need to decide on the type or size.
Choose a suitable instance type and size, according to your predicted workload.
Public IP addresses
Choose the Elastic IP address to associate with a NAT gateway at creation.
Use an Elastic IP address or a public IP address with a NAT instance. You can change the public IP address at any time by associating a new Elastic IP address with the instance.
Private IP addresses
Automatically selected from the subnet's IP address range when you create the gateway.
Assign a specific private IP address from the subnet's IP address range when you launch the instance.
Security groups
Cannot be associated with a NAT gateway. You can associate security groups with your resources behind the NAT gateway to control inbound and outbound traffic.
Associate with your NAT instance and the resources behind your NAT instance to control inbound and outbound traffic.
Network ACLs
Use a network ACL to control the traffic to and from the subnet in which your NAT gateway resides.
Use a network ACL to control the traffic to and from the subnet in which your NAT instance resides.
Flow logs
Use flow logs to capture the traffic.
Use flow logs to capture the traffic.
Port forwarding
Not supported.
Manually customize the configuration to support port forwarding.
Bastion servers
Not supported.
Use as a bastion server.
Traffic metrics
Not supported.
View CloudWatch metrics.
Timeout behavior
When a connection times out, a NAT gateway returns an RST packet to any resources behind the NAT gateway that attempt to continue the connection (it does not send a FIN packet).
When a connection times out, a NAT instance sends a FIN packet to resources behind the NAT instance to close the connection.
IP fragmentation
Supports forwarding of IP fragmented packets for the UDP protocol.
Does not support fragmentation for the TCP and ICMP protocols. Fragmented packets for these protocols will get dropped.
Supports reassembly of IP fragmented packets for the UDP, TCP, and ICMP protocols.
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